http://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198022453448/screenshot/842585236330895564

There is another example. If you check the original screen shot at the right most point, almost directly below the upper right hand corner quest tack pin, is another planet. You can see it as it has the "No Specialization" indicator. 

Also, I am most certain this is not at all related to monitor brightness, and every other screen (for example, the trade screen) is correctly sized and formatted for me to view correctly.

I am currently running borderless window, however, this also occured at 1280x1024. All other screens are perfectly visible (it seems), and my UI options are the stock UI options.

Edit: Frogsquadron (labeled developer on steam) stated the following and this should be considered semi-answered.

"This isn't you, it's a problem for all players with 4:3 resolutions or similar. We've put a fix in place that I believe should be in the next update so that you can see this planet as well."

Thank you for your help!