It absolutely does depend on your faction, but I usually go with Industry > Food / Science >> Dust early on. Food is preferable to science but depending on the planet, it's size, and food bonus from anomalies, it may not be necessary or not worth the industry cost.

Key industry building is Xeno-Industrial infrastructure. Interplanetary Transport Network isn't worth it until a decent pop size AND with a strategic deposit (otherwise skipped until population is 15 or so). Next would be a Jadonyx system development upgrade. If you get really lucky, you might get Sim-camps that give 0.1 Industry per manpower capacity from a curiosity, making  that those manpower defenses worthwhile (usually+20-25 each). Next in line is Predictive Logistics for a flat +20 per planet. As with Xeno-Industrial infrastructure/sustainable farms/ Public-Private partnerships, it's usually more worth it to grab an extra planet first instead of building any of the higher tier industry buildings (especially if it has a luxury to offset the approval penalty or has a strategic metal). Industrial Zones planet specialization might be worthwhile to put on Temperate planets if you really want to push it too. AI Labor is next as it's fairly situational (needs Hot and/or Sterile) but is amazing if you find one of those 5 desert/lava planet systems. Nothing after that is really worthwhile compared to other buildings or ships except maybe Fabrication License. It's usually better to build the lower tier buildings first, unless you can afford the buyout for predictive logistics. If you used a Voidstone system development and can afford it, queue that first.

Not that important, unless you really need the manpower (and you really NEED manpower playing on a difficulty like Endless with a bloodthirsty race like Cravers - never again). The tier 5 food conversion comes too late and is too costly to be useful. Someone is likely close to winning by then, or it's just a win-more improvement.

As soon as you can get away with basically. The goal should be to ideally reach 1 or 2 planets past the point you start getting over-colonization penalties. Just don't settle on those one-planet systems, settle so fast that you choke your main systems of food from food shipments, or settle too early those juicy 5-cold-planets systems that have everything (luxuries, anomalies, strategics) except industry. In decision-making terms, I usually put this at the same level as getting the early military techs. If nobody is close and I don't need a sturdy fleet for pirates/quests, I pick colonization techs instead. 

It used to be the case, but with the new food shipment system and tougher over-colonization penalties; don't. Unless it has some really good luxuries/strategics, or if you have no where else to expand. Come back for these nearer to the mid game.

Large worlds are a good bonus, but not something I'd go out of my way to find and settle. On the other hand, I'd avoid tiny planets with only 2 or 3 slots unless it had good FIDS and if there are bigger planets in the same system. Remember that you can terraform some of the hostile worlds to get more slots.

Seems so in my experience. I often find selling strategics/luxuries on the market superior to trying to build Xenotourism Agencies and Pulvis Production. By the time I think I can spare the industry, I can already build trade-related buildings. Pulvis-production in particular is too expensive for its small benefit. 1 dust does not equal 1 of any of the other FIDS, yet this building gives less of it than other buildings in the same tier.